Field peas (Pisum sativum) are an excellent choice for cover cropping in New Hampshire. Not only do they improve soil health, but they also provide substantial benefits for following cash crops. In this guide, we will cover everything you need to know about growing field peas as a cover crop in the Granite State.
Cover cropping is the practice of planting specific crops to cover the soil rather than for the purpose of harvest. These crops serve multiple functions, including:
Field peas are particularly well-suited for New Hampshire’s climate and soils. Here are some benefits that make them an ideal choice for cover cropping:
Nitrogen Fixation: Through a symbiotic relationship with Rhizobium bacteria, field peas can fix nitrogen from the atmosphere, enriching the soil without synthetic fertilizers.
Winter Hardiness: Although not a winter crop, field peas can be planted in late summer or early fall, allowing them to establish a strong root system before winter sets in.
Quick Growth: Field peas germinate quickly and grow rapidly, making them effective at outcompeting weeds and covering bare soil in a short amount of time.
Crop Rotation Compatibility: They work well in crop rotation schemes and can be planted before various cash crops such as corn or soybeans.
To successfully grow field peas as a cover crop in New Hampshire, certain conditions should be met.
Field peas thrive in well-drained soils that are rich in organic matter. Although they can grow in a range of soil types, sandy loams or loamy soils tend to provide the best results.
The ideal pH level for growing field peas ranges from 6.0 to 7.5. Conducting a soil test before planting will help determine if amendments are necessary.
Field peas prefer cooler temperatures and typically germinate well when soil temperatures are between 50°F and 65°F. Planting at the right time is crucial for successful growth.
In New Hampshire, timing is essential when planting field peas as a cover crop:
Fall Planting: Generally, field peas are planted between mid-August and mid-September. This timing allows them to establish roots before frost occurs.
Spring Planting: If you miss the fall window, spring planting is also an option. Aim to plant early enough to allow growth before cash cropping begins.
Proper soil preparation is vital for successful germination:
Tillage: If your land has been previously cultivated, tilling may not be necessary. However, if you have compacted soil or heavy residue, light tillage may improve seed-to-soil contact.
Weed Control: A clean seedbed is critical. Consider using a non-selective herbicide or mechanical methods to control any existing weeds before planting if necessary.
Selecting high-quality seed is essential:
You can plant field peas using several methods:
Drilling: This method ensures even distribution and depth. Drill seeds at a depth of 1–2 inches.
Broadcasting: If using this method, follow up with light tillage or rolling to ensure good soil contact.
Field peas generally require minimal fertilization due to their nitrogen-fixing properties; however:
Once your field peas have been planted, ongoing management practices will ensure optimal growth:
Watering: Field peas usually require little additional watering unless conditions are exceptionally dry during germination.
Monitoring Pests and Diseases: While field peas are relatively pest-resistant, keep an eye out for common issues such as aphids or fungal diseases like powdery mildew.
Weed Management: As mentioned earlier, field peas can suppress weeds effectively; however, monitoring is necessary to manage any persistent species.
Once your field peas have grown sufficiently—around 12–18 inches tall—they should be terminated before planting your next cash crop. Here’s how to do it effectively:
Mowing: Cut down the plants close to ground level; this helps decompose organic matter more quickly.
Herbicide Application: If you choose chemical termination methods, select a herbicide that acts on legumes without harming subsequent cash crops.
Incorporation into Soil: Incorporate the cut biomass into the soil if possible; this practice improves organic matter content and nutrient cycling.
After terminating your cover crop:
Growing field peas as a cover crop in New Hampshire offers numerous benefits including soil improvement, erosion control, and weed suppression. With proper planning and execution—from preparing the soil and selecting quality seeds to managing growth and termination—farmers can harness these advantages effectively.
Whether you’re practicing sustainable farming techniques or looking to enhance your soil’s health organically, incorporating field peas into your cover cropping strategy could be one of the best decisions you make for your agricultural operations in New Hampshire. By understanding their specific requirements and benefits, you can ensure your farming practices contribute positively to both productivity and environmental sustainability.