How to Grow Hazelnuts in Kansas

Growing hazelnuts can be a rewarding venture for farmers and hobbyists alike. With the right conditions and care, these nutritious nuts can thrive in Kansas’s diverse climate. In this guide, we will explore everything you need to know about growing hazelnuts, from selecting the right variety to harvesting your crop.

Understanding Hazelnuts

Hazelnuts, also known as filberts, are small, round nuts that grow on deciduous trees belonging to the birch family. The most commonly cultivated species is Corylus avellana, which produces sweet, edible nuts. Hazelnuts are rich in protein, healthy fats, vitamins, and minerals, making them a valuable addition to your diet.

Benefits of Growing Hazelnuts

Nutritional Value: Hazelnuts are packed with nutrients, including vitamin E, fiber, and healthy monounsaturated fats.
Market Demand: There is a growing demand for hazelnuts in various industries, including confectionery and specialty foods.
Eco-Friendly: Hazelnut trees can enhance biodiversity and improve soil health while requiring less water than many other crops.

Climate and Soil Requirements

Climate Adaptability

Kansas experiences a range of climates, from humid subtropical in the east to semi-arid in the west. Hazelnuts prefer a Mediterranean-type climate with well-distributed rainfall. While Kansas may not have ideal conditions across the state, certain regions can still support hazelnut cultivation.

Temperature: Hazelnut trees require a chilling period of around 600-1,000 hours below 45°F during winter. Kansas winters can provide this chilling requirement.
Frost Protection: It’s crucial to select microclimates within your region to avoid late spring frosts that could damage blossoms.

Soil Requirements

Hazelnuts thrive best in well-drained loamy soils but are adaptable to various soil types as long as they are not waterlogged. Here’s what to consider:

pH Level: Aim for a slightly acidic to neutral pH level (6.0 – 7.0).
Organic Matter: Soils rich in organic matter will promote healthy growth. Consider adding compost or well-rotted manure before planting.

Selecting the Right Variety

Choosing the right variety of hazelnut is essential for successful cultivation in Kansas. Here are some recommended varieties:

Eastern Filbert Blight Resistant Varieties: Look for cultivars like ‘Jefferson’ or ‘Theta,’ which offer resistance to common diseases.
High-Yield Varieties: Consider ‘Evangeline’ or ‘Yamhill,’ known for their robust production capabilities.
Pollination Considerations: Hazelnuts require cross-pollination for optimal nut production. Plant at least two varieties nearby to ensure good yields.

Planting Hazelnut Trees

Preparing the Site

Before planting hazelnut trees, prepare your site:

Clear the Area: Remove any debris and weeds from the planting area.
Test Soil: Conduct a soil test to gauge pH and nutrient levels.
Amend Soil: If necessary, amend the soil based on test results by adding lime or sulfur to adjust pH or applying fertilizers as needed.

Planting Technique

Timing: The best time to plant hazelnut trees is during early spring or late fall when the trees are dormant.
Spacing: Space trees about 15 feet apart to allow for their mature size.
Digging Holes: Dig holes approximately 2 feet wide and 1 foot deep for each tree.
Placing Trees: Place each tree in the hole so that the root collar is level with the soil surface. Backfill with native soil and water thoroughly after planting.

Care and Maintenance

Watering

Hazelnut trees require consistent moisture during their initial years. Deep watering once a week may be necessary during dry spells. Once established, they are relatively drought-resistant but will benefit from irrigation during prolonged dry periods.

Fertilization

Fertilize hazelnut trees annually using a balanced fertilizer (such as 10-10-10) in early spring before new growth begins. Follow the manufacturer’s instructions regarding application rates based on tree age and size.

Pruning

Pruning is essential for maintaining tree health and maximizing nut production:

Timing: Prune during late winter while trees are still dormant.
Techniques:
Remove any dead or diseased wood.
Thin out crowded branches to improve air circulation.
Shape the tree to maintain a strong central leader.

Pest and Disease Management

Hazelnut trees can be susceptible to various pests and diseases:

Common Pests

Filbert Worms: These pests can damage nuts; consider using insecticidal soap if infestations occur.
Aphids: Monitor trees regularly; ladybugs can help control aphid populations naturally.

Diseases

Eastern Filbert Blight (EFB): This fungal disease affects many hazelnut varieties; select resistant cultivars and practice good sanitation by removing infected branches.
Powdery Mildew: Promote air circulation through pruning and consider fungicides if issues persist.

Harvesting Hazelnuts

Harvesting hazelnuts is typically done in late summer or early fall when the husks turn brown, indicating that nuts are mature.

Harvesting Techniques

Shaking Method: Gently shake tree branches; nuts will fall to the ground.
Hand Harvesting: For smaller plantings, hand-picking may be viable.

After harvesting:

Dry nuts in a cool, shaded area for about two weeks before storing them in an airtight container.
Store nuts in a cool, dry place or refrigerate them for extended shelf life.

Conclusion

Growing hazelnuts in Kansas can be a lucrative venture if conducted correctly. By understanding the climate needs, selecting suitable varieties, and ensuring proper care throughout their growth cycle, you can cultivate a thriving hazelnut orchard that contributes both nutritionally and economically.

With rising interest in local foods and sustainable farming practices, now is an excellent time to consider adding hazelnuts to your agricultural endeavors or home garden in Kansas!