How to Grow Hazelnuts in North Dakota

Growing hazelnuts in North Dakota may seem like a challenge due to the state’s colder climate, but with the right techniques and knowledge, it can be a rewarding endeavor. Hazelnuts, also known as filberts, are not only delicious but also packed with nutrients. This article will guide you through the process of successfully cultivating hazelnuts in North Dakota, from selecting the right variety to harvesting your nuts.

Understanding Hazelnuts

Hazelnuts are small, round nuts encased in a hard shell and covered by a thin fibrous husk. They grow on hazelnut trees (Corylus avellana) that can reach heights of 10-15 feet and flourish in regions with well-drained soil and full sun. While they are native to Europe and Asia, certain varieties have been cultivated to withstand colder climates, making them feasible for growers in North Dakota.

Benefits of Growing Hazelnuts

1. Nutritional Value: Hazelnuts are rich in healthy fats, vitamins, and minerals.
2. Versatility: They can be used in various culinary applications, from baking to cooking.
3. Environmental Impact: Hazelnut trees can improve soil health and biodiversity by serving as a habitat for wildlife.
4. Economic Opportunity: As demand for locally sourced nuts increases, growing hazelnuts can be a profitable venture.

Selecting the Right Hazelnut Variety

When growing hazelnuts in North Dakota, it’s vital to select varieties that are cold hardy and suited for the region’s climate. The following cultivars are recommended:

• Jefferson: Known for its high yield and disease resistance.
• Yamhill: A robust variety that produces large nuts and adapts well to cold temperatures.
• Clark: Offers good flavor and is also resistant to diseases.

Consult local agricultural extension services or nurseries for specific recommendations pertinent to your area.

Site Selection and Preparation

Choosing the Right Location

Hazelnuts thrive in full sunlight and require at least six hours of direct sunlight daily. Select a site that is sheltered from strong winds and has well-draining soil. Avoid areas prone to standing water or heavy clay soils, as these conditions can lead to root rot.

Soil Preparation

1. Soil Testing: Before planting, conduct a soil test to determine pH levels and nutrient content. Hazelnuts prefer a slightly acidic to neutral pH (6.0 – 7.0).
2. Amending Soil: Based on the results of your soil test, you may need to amend your soil with organic matter, lime, or sulfur to adjust pH levels.
3. Tilling: Clear the area of weeds and debris, then till the soil to a depth of 12 inches to aerate it and improve drainage.

Planting Hazelnut Trees

Timing

The best time to plant hazelnut trees is in early spring after the last frost or in fall before the ground freezes.

Planting Process

1. Spacing: Space your hazelnut trees about 8 to 15 feet apart. This distance allows for adequate air circulation and access to sunlight.
2. Digging Holes: Dig holes that are twice the size of the root ball of each tree.
3. Planting: Place the tree in the hole so that the root collar is level with the soil surface. Backfill with soil and water thoroughly.
4. Mulching: Apply a layer of mulch around the base of each tree to retain moisture and suppress weed growth.

Watering Hazelnut Trees

While hazelnut trees are relatively drought-tolerant once established, regular watering is essential during their first few years of growth. Aim for deep watering sessions every 1-2 weeks during dry spells. Ensure that the soil remains moist but not waterlogged.

Fertilization

To promote healthy growth, fertilize your hazelnut trees annually in early spring before new growth begins. Use a balanced fertilizer or one specifically formulated for nut trees based on your soil test results.

Pruning Hazelnut Trees

Pruning is an essential practice for maintaining healthy growth in hazelnut trees.

When to Prune

The best time to prune hazelnut trees is during late winter or early spring when they are dormant but before new growth begins.

How to Prune

1. Remove Dead or Damaged Branches: Start by cutting back any dead or damaged branches to promote better airflow.
2. Shape the Tree: Aim for an open-center shape that allows light penetration throughout the tree.
3. Thin Out Suckers: Remove suckers growing from the base of the tree which can divert energy away from producing nuts.

Pest Management

Hazelnuts can attract various pests such as aphids, weevils, and mites. Regular monitoring is key:

• Cultural Practices: Keep the area around trees clean from fallen debris which may harbor pests.
• Beneficial Insects: Introduce beneficial insects like ladybugs that feed on aphids.
• Organic Pesticides: If pest issues arise, consider using organic pesticides as a last resort.

Disease Prevention

Common diseases affecting hazelnuts include Eastern Filbert Blight (EFB) and powdery mildew.

1. Selection of Resistant Varieties: Choose EFB-resistant varieties such as Jefferson or Yamhill.
2. Proper Spacing: Ensure adequate spacing between trees for air circulation.
3. Regular Inspections: Regularly inspect leaves for signs of disease; remove infected leaves immediately.

Harvesting Hazelnuts

Timing

Hazelnuts typically mature about 7 months after pollination, usually around late summer or early fall when they begin falling from their husks.

Harvesting Method

1. Shaking Trees: Gently shake branches or use tarps underneath trees to collect fallen nuts.
2. Drying Nuts: Spread harvested nuts out in a single layer in a cool, dry place for several weeks until completely dried.

Conclusion

Growing hazelnuts in North Dakota can be an enjoyable venture if approached with care and dedication. By selecting suitable varieties, preparing your site properly, managing pests and diseases effectively, and harvesting at the right time, you can cultivate productive hazelnut trees that will provide delicious nuts year after year. With their growing popularity among consumers seeking local food sources, hazelnuts could be not only a sustainable choice but also a lucrative investment for North Dakota farmers looking to diversify their crops.