How to Grow Pecans in Arkansas

Pecan trees (Carya illinoinensis) are not only a significant agricultural product but also a beloved fixture in many southern landscapes. Known for their delicious, buttery nuts, pecans thrive in the warm climate and rich soils of Arkansas. If you’re considering starting your own pecan orchard or simply want to grow a few trees in your backyard, this guide will provide you with all the essential information on how to successfully grow pecans in Arkansas.

Understanding the Pecan Tree

Before diving into the growing process, it’s important to understand what makes pecan trees unique:

• Life Span and Growth: Pecan trees are long-lived, often producing for 100 years or more. They can grow up to 70-100 feet tall and require ample space to thrive.
• Nutrient Requirements: Pecans need a balanced nutrient supply, with nitrogen being particularly important for young trees.
• Pollination: Most pecan varieties are not self-pollinating; therefore, it’s advisable to plant at least two different cultivars for effective pollination.

Choosing the Right Location

Selecting an ideal location is crucial for successful pecan growth:

Soil Type

Pecans prefer well-drained, sandy loam soils that are rich in organic matter. The pH level should ideally be between 6.0 and 7.5. Conducting a soil test can help determine if amendments are needed to optimize conditions.

Sunlight and Space

Pecan trees require full sun, meaning they need at least six hours of direct sunlight daily. Additionally, ensure there’s adequate spacing between trees; typically, you should plan for distances of 40-60 feet apart depending on the variety.

Drainage

Good drainage is vital since pecan roots are susceptible to rot if waterlogged. Consider areas that are slightly elevated or where water doesn’t pool after heavy rains.

Selecting the Best Varieties

Arkansas is home to several pecan varieties that flourish in its climate:

• Desirable: Known for its high yield and kernel quality.
• Pawnee: A hardy variety that matures early and offers resistance to certain diseases.
• Stuart: A classic choice known for excellent nut quality but requires more care in terms of disease management.

Consult local nurseries or agricultural extensions for recommendations specific to your region.

Planting Pecans

The planting process is crucial in establishing healthy pecan trees:

Timing

The best time to plant pecan trees is during late winter to early spring when the ground thaws but before new growth starts. In Arkansas, this typically falls between February and March.

Planting Process

1. Digging Holes: Prepare holes that are about twice the width of the root ball and deep enough to accommodate roots without bending.
2. Soil Preparation: Mix native soil with organic compost to improve fertility and drainage.
3. Placing Trees: Gently place the tree in the hole so that the root collar is level with the ground surface.
4. Backfilling: Fill the hole with the soil mixture and water it thoroughly. Avoid compacting the soil excessively.
5. Mulching: Apply a layer of mulch around the base (not touching the trunk) to conserve moisture and suppress weeds.

Watering Requirements

Proper irrigation is essential during both establishment and ongoing care:

Young Trees

For newly planted trees, ensure they receive about 1 inch of water per week during their first growing season. This may come from rain or supplemental irrigation. Deep watering is preferable so that roots reach down into the soil.

Established Trees

Once established, mature pecan trees have moderate drought tolerance but still benefit from watering during dry spells. Avoid overwatering as it can lead to root rot.

Fertilization Strategies

Pecan trees have specific nutritional needs, especially nitrogen:

1. Soil Testing: Before fertilizing, conduct a soil test every few years to determine nutrient levels.
2. Nitrogen Application: Generally, apply nitrogen fertilizer (e.g., urea or ammonium nitrate) in early spring just before leaf emergence. Follow recommendations based on soil tests—typically around 1 pound per year of age of the tree up to 10 pounds for mature trees.
3. Additional Nutrients: Besides nitrogen, consider applying potassium and phosphorus based on soil test recommendations.

Pest and Disease Management

Pecan trees are prone to various pests and diseases which can affect yield:

Common Pests

• Pecan Weevils: These insects can damage nuts; monitor your trees closely, especially during harvest season.
• Boll Weevil: Another pest affecting pecan quality; regular inspections can help keep them at bay.

Diseases

• Scab Disease: A fungal disease that can severely impact nut yields; preventive fungicide applications may be necessary during wet weather.
• Powdery Mildew: Can occur during humid conditions; ensure good air circulation by pruning as needed.

Regular monitoring and integrated pest management practices will help mitigate these issues effectively.

Harvesting Pecans

Knowing when and how to harvest is key:

1. Timing: Pecans typically mature by late fall (October through December). Check for shuck split – this indicates readiness.
2. Harvest Method: Nuts can be harvested by hand-picking or using mechanical harvesters if dealing with larger orchards.
3. Post-Harvest Care: Once harvested, clean the nuts from debris and dry them thoroughly before storage to prevent mold.

Conclusion

Growing pecans in Arkansas can be a rewarding endeavor both personally and financially. By selecting appropriate varieties, providing optimal growing conditions, managing pests and diseases effectively, and harvesting at the right time, you can enjoy abundant harvests year after year. With patience and proper care, your pecan orchard can flourish beautifully against Arkansas’s warm backdrop while offering delicious nuts for many generations to come.