Steps to Successfully Grow Hazelnuts in Missouri

Growing hazelnuts in Missouri can be a rewarding venture for both hobbyist gardeners and commercial growers. The state’s climate, soil conditions, and geographical location offer a conducive environment for cultivating hazelnut trees, provided you follow the right steps. Hazelnuts, also known as filberts, are not only tasty but also have increasing commercial value due to their use in confectionery, baking, and snacks.

This article will guide you step-by-step through the process of successfully growing hazelnuts in Missouri, covering everything from site selection to harvesting and pest management.

Understanding Hazelnuts and Their Growth Requirements

Before diving into the growing process, it is important to understand the basics about hazelnuts:

• Species: The common European hazelnut (Corylus avellana) is widely grown commercially but may not be fully hardy in Missouri’s climate. The American hazelnut (Corylus americana) and hybrid varieties are better suited to Missouri.
• Climate: Hazelnuts require a temperate climate with a chilling period during winter for proper bud development.
• Soil: Well-drained loamy soils with a pH between 6.0 and 7.5 are ideal.
• Pollination: Most hazelnut varieties are not self-pollinating and require cross-pollination between compatible cultivars.

Step 1: Selecting Suitable Hazelnut Varieties for Missouri

Choosing the right variety is critical for success:

• American Hazelnut (Corylus americana): Native to Missouri, this species is highly adapted to local conditions and resistant to many pests and diseases.
• Hybrid Hazelnuts: Breeders have developed hybrids between European and American hazelnuts that combine nut quality with disease resistance and climate adaptability. Examples include varieties developed by Oregon State University or Midwest breeding programs.
• Recommended Cultivars: Some cultivars known to perform well in Missouri include ‘Jefferson,’ ‘Yamhill,’ ‘Theta,’ and native strains.

Consult your local extension office or nursery specializing in nut trees for sources of disease-resistant, locally adapted plants.

Step 2: Choosing the Right Planting Site

Hazelnuts thrive when planted in locations with:

• Full Sun Exposure: At least 6–8 hours of direct sunlight daily.
• Well-Drained Soil: Avoid areas prone to waterlogging; hazelnut roots are susceptible to root rot in overly wet soils.
• Good Air Circulation: Helps reduce fungal disease pressure.
• Protection from Strong Winds: Young plants can be damaged by harsh winds.

Avoid low-lying frost pockets because late spring frosts can damage flowers.

Step 3: Preparing the Soil

Proper soil preparation ensures strong root development:

• Soil Testing: Conduct a soil test through your local extension service to determine pH and nutrient status.
• Amending Soil: Based on test results, amend soil with lime if pH is below 6.0 or sulfur if above 7.5. Add organic matter like compost or aged manure to improve fertility and drainage.
• Tillage: Clear the planting area of weeds and till the soil to loosen it at least 12 inches deep.

Good soil preparation reduces competition from weeds and provides essential nutrients.

Step 4: Planting Hazelnut Trees

Timing and technique are key:

• When to Plant: Early spring after the danger of hard frost has passed or late fall when trees are dormant.
• Planting Spacing: Space shrubs about 15–20 feet apart for optimal growth; hazelnuts grow as large shrubs or small trees.
• Planting Depth: Set plants so that the root flare is just above soil level.
• Watering In: Water thoroughly immediately after planting to settle soil around roots.

If planting multiple cultivars for cross-pollination, intersperse different varieties within rows or alternate rows.

Step 5: Watering and Mulching

Consistent moisture supports healthy growth:

• Watering Frequency: Newly planted trees require regular watering — about 1 inch per week during dry periods for the first two growing seasons.
• Mulching: Apply a 3–4 inch layer of organic mulch such as wood chips or straw around the base in a wide circle, keeping mulch away from the trunk. Mulch conserves moisture, suppresses weeds, and moderates soil temperature.

Avoid over-watering which may lead to root diseases.

Step 6: Fertilization

Hazelnuts benefit from balanced nutrition:

• Initial Fertilization: Incorporate balanced fertilizer (e.g., 10-10-10 NPK) lightly at planting time based on soil test recommendations.
• Annual Fertilizer Application: Apply nitrogen in early spring before bud break, usually about 30–50 pounds of actual nitrogen per acre for commercial orchards; adjust rate accordingly for home gardens.
• Monitoring: Watch for yellowing leaves or poor growth as indicators of nutrient deficiencies.

Avoid heavy fertilization late in the season which can encourage late growth susceptible to winter injury.

Step 7: Pruning Hazelnut Shrubs

Proper pruning improves yield and plant health:

• When to Prune: Late winter or early spring while plants are dormant.
• What to Remove: Cut out dead, damaged, or crossing branches. Thin out crowded stems to improve air flow.
• Training Shape: Maintain an open vase shape or multiple-stem bush form depending on plant habit.

Regular pruning encourages new vigorous growth where nuts develop.

Step 8: Pest and Disease Management

Common challenges when growing hazelnuts include:

Pests

• Filbertworm: Larvae bore into nuts; control with insecticides or pheromone traps.
• Aphids & Mites: Monitor regularly; apply horticultural oils or insecticidal soaps if necessary.
• Deer & Rodents: Use fencing or repellents as these animals may browse young shoots or nuts.

Diseases

• Eastern Filbert Blight (EFB): Caused by fungus Anisogramma anomala, EFB causes cankers on branches leading to dieback. Resistant cultivars should be selected; remove infected wood promptly.
• Leaf Rust & Powdery Mildew: Fungicides may be needed if outbreaks occur; good air circulation reduces disease incidence.

Integrated pest management practices combining resistant varieties, cultural controls, and targeted chemical treatments work best.

Step 9: Pollination Considerations

Since most hazelnut varieties are not self-fertile:

• Plant at least two compatible cultivars within close proximity (usually within 50 feet).
• Native American hazelnuts often produce viable pollen but pairing with hybrid cultivars ensures better nut set.

Bee activity is crucial for pollination; avoid insecticide applications during bloom times.

Step 10: Harvesting Hazelnuts

Knowing when and how to harvest ensures good quality nuts:

• Hazelnuts mature in late summer to early fall (August through October).
• Harvest when nuts fall naturally from the tree or easily detach with light shaking.
• Collect nuts daily during harvest period to avoid losses from wildlife or mold growth on fallen nuts.

After harvesting, dry nuts promptly at about 95°F (35°C) for several days until moisture content drops below 8% for storage.

Additional Tips for Growing Hazelnuts in Missouri

• Consider starting with container-grown seedlings which establish faster than bare-root plants.
• Use drip irrigation systems if possible for efficient water delivery.
• Protect young plants from sunscald by wrapping trunks if exposed.
• Stay connected with local agricultural extension services for latest cultivar recommendations and pest alerts.

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Growing hazelnuts in Missouri requires some planning and maintenance but offers excellent potential due to favorable environmental conditions. Starting with disease-resistant varieties adapted to the region sets you up for a bountiful harvest. With proper site selection, soil preparation, pest management, and care through pruning and watering, growers can enjoy delicious homegrown nuts or develop profitable commercial operations.

By following these steps carefully, you can successfully cultivate healthy hazelnut shrubs that thrive in Missouri’s climate year after year.